Nutrition project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition project 2 - Essay Example erview that the vision of the individual became blur over the preceding few years, which eventually made apparent that this problem adversely affected his work. In addition, it could be identified from the interview that the individual’s level of thirst was increased due to frequent exhaustion (Diabetes UK, â€Å"Diabetes Symptoms†). What do you have to do to control your diabetes? The interviewee stated that changes in diets are required to be made in order to control diabetes. According to the interview, it was found that the individual is planning to eat lesser meals and opting for intaking healthier foods such as fruits and green vegetables. This might help him in reducing the problem of weight loss. Moreover, the individual decided to walk 30 minutes regularly in morning and 10 minutes after lunch time, which in turn would aid him in healing from uncertain exhaustion or tiredness (NDEP, â€Å"It’s Not Too Late to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes†). How Else Does Diabetes Affect Your Day-To-Day Life? Since the interviewee was diagnosed with diabetes, the daily life of the individual got highly affected. This might be owing to the reason that he had to wake up from sleep twice in night-time, which was quite abnormal for his family members. Additionally, he had to avoid consuming sugar, which created an imbalance in his normal diet, as he is quite keen towards eating cakes or cookies with either tea or coffee in his breakfast. Besides, his monthly expenses for availing medication were continuously rising, which created a huge problem for him in his daily life to manage both personal as well as family expenses (Crown, â€Å"How diabetes affects my daily life†). The serving size for Hamburger in McDonald’s is 3.5 oz (ounces) i.e. 100grams. Accordingly, the calorie content on each serving is 234 cal. The total fat in each Hamburger is 8.6 grams. Likewise, there is 0.5 gram of trans fat in Hamburgers. If it is assumed that an individual can consume 2,000 kcal in an

A Reality of Cairos Past and Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Reality of Cairos Past and Future - Essay Example Cairo's efforts to mange its population is mirrored by a continental program in Africa that aims to decentralize commerce and industries by 2015 (Raychaudhuri 6). In 2005, the Egypt Human Development Report (EHDR) 2005 was published and tackled the problems that overcrowding has brought to the city: it cites that the disparity in resources, prospects and representation is a direct deterrent to national goal of development for Egypt (United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] "Choosing our future: Towards a New Social Contract", 5-6) Crowding in urban areas is a problem that all major cities are facing. Even developed countries also have to deal with issues of disproportion of population and industries. Efforts to balance these trends have come in either redevelopment of stagnating areas or through relocation efforts. The successes of these projects have been intermittent and have done little to stem rapid growth of urban populations. The stories of remote locations becoming ghost towns as residents move to the city is not fiction, it is a reality that aggravates economic and social problems of less developed regions. From the perspective of computer programs that include crowds and other social behaviors associated with it, crowding is seen as something that is important in all growing cities and economies. In many cases, urban overcrowding can either be a 24-hour phenomenon to a city or only an effect of people coming to work in the cities where the human congestion eases as people return to their homes at the end of the day. According to Loscos and his associates, crowding creates a resource base that is essential for development but at the same time, one has to be very careful in encouraging population development because population grow in geometrically and once it finds its momentum, little can be done to control it excluding extraordinary measures without sacrificing growth. Hebding and Glick point out that crowding is though a strongly social behavior, factors that fuel it more powerfully are economic and political factors. People gravitate towards areas that give him best access to resources. A direct economic effect of these movement is on labor markets and even greater impact is made on developing economies were labor maybe more easier than al other economic resources (Bertola 3027-3028). Politics also tend to follow these developments. The greater the development, the greater is the need for administration. Wars have been fought to control cities independently of the countries they are situated in. Cairo historically was a key city in controlling the Nile and gaining access to the rest of Egypt. There is cyclical effect to these developments: population, commercial and industrial density develops economic and political centers while at the same time, the establishments of these centers attract further population multiplication. Population and the availability of labor, political and economic institutions are all key factors that are essential to development (Bergsten). The magnitude of these cities, whether newly developed or ancient ones like Cairo, can be measure by the extent of their population, economy and political significance. Therefore, overcrowding to a certain extent is an indication of a city's

International Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Criminal Justice - Essay Example The question then goes on to ask if there is a difference in the national and international repercussions for a state embarking upon the use of armed force or the divide is merely an arbitrary one .After definitions and analysis the essay then discusses the application or rejection of these laws in the light of recent and historical events. From the perspective of international law the sovereignty of the states confers upon them a right to conduct their affairs free from the interference from other states.This is also known as the doctrine of non-intervention in the sovereign affairs of the other states. In Nicaragua v United States1( The existence in the opinio juris of states of the practice of non-intervention is backed by established practice.It has moreover been presented as a corollary of the principle of the sovereign equality of the states. "dictatorial interference by a state in the affairs of another state for the purpose of maintaining or altering the actual condition of things .Intervention can take place in the external as well as the internal affairs of a state.But it must be emphasised that intervention proper is always dictatorial interference not interference pure and simple" 2 In the modern international scenario, the mention of intervention has become synonymous with armed conflict. In the Corfu Channel Case(Merits)1949 ICJ Rep 4 it was said by the court that, "the court can only regard the alleged right of intervention as the manifestation of a policy of force such as has in the past given rise to most serious abuses and such as cannot whatever be the present defects in international organisationfind a place in international law ." It should also be noted that before the First World War there was not much of an international effort to regulate and prevent armed conflict involving war crimes and aggression. This has been noted by an eminent academic as follows, "International law has no alternative but to accept war independently of the justice of its origins as a relation which the parties to it may set up if they choose and to busy itself in regulating the effects of the relation"3 However the Post World War II era has seen a heightened concern by various international organisations to prevent armed conflict. In the recent decades the principle of non interference has been reinforced by the General Assembly Resolution 2131 (XX) of December 14 1960, The Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic affairs of States, General Assembly Declaration On the Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among the States In Accordance with The Charter of the United Nations,GA,Resolution,"2625(XXV) of 24 October 1970.4 The legality of Aggression Of particular importance is the way the International Law treats War of Aggression.Customary international law makes it an international offence to wage a war of

The History of Program Music and its Composers Essay

The History of Program Music and its Composers - Essay Example 3). To further stress this point, the great Frederick Niecks, however, remarked that programme music has always been regarded controversially as its definition is vague and narrow (1). In this context, Niecks wrote (referring to musicians) in the preface of his book entitled Programme Music in the Last Four Centuries: A Contribution to the History of Musical Expression, that "they should embrace all possible kinds, degrees, and characters: the outward and the inward, the simple and the complex, the general and the particular, the lyrical, epic, dramatic, melodramatic, descriptive, symbolical, etc. They should embrace also music with the programme merely indicated by a title, and music the programme of which is unrevealed. The absence of programme and title does not prove the music to be absolute (iii)." Despite having been the one to come up with the phrase "programme music", Frnza Liszt was not its inventor. Programme music has been in existence and practice ever since the 16th century, or probably even before then (Hoffman para. 3). To be able to trace its history, Frederick Niecks outlined six periods while citing the significant composers or musicians during its time. The first period was during the 16th century, a time when allusions were usually made to descriptive vocal compositions that were often inadequate and incorrect (F. Niecks 7). During the second and third quarter of this century, the descriptive vocal pieces of Clement Jannequin emerged. These were La Guerre or La Bataille (War), La Chasse du Livre (The Chase), Le Chant des Oiseaux (the Imitation of Animal Voices), and L'Alouette (Bird Voices) (F. Niecks 7). Battle pieces became the primary favorite then. A... The researcher of this essay states that since the ancient times, music has been used to mimic the sounds of life and nature, real or imagined. As musicians wanted to build a bridge between literature and music, various sounds from animals and nature like tweets, cuckoos, toots, shrieks, cries, horns blowing, hiccups, roars, rain pouring, wind blowing and the like are being used to form a coherent musical composition that conveys a story or a plot. This form of music has been existent since the ancient times, yet it was the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt who actually coined the term â€Å"programme music† in the mid 19th century, a time when Romantic music was very pravalent. For the purpose of discussion, programme music may be defined as instrumental music that attempts to convey a story or arouse mental images without the use of words. Liszt calls composers of programme music as â€Å"poetizing symphonsts†. Furthermore, he also strived to be able to distinguish the p rogramme and its object. He claims that â€Å"the programme has no other object than to indicate preparatively the spiritual moments which impelled the composer to create his work, the thoughts which he endeavoured to incorporate in it. Given the examples of the composers and their works, that were mentioned in the essay, it is hence apparent how experimentation in the genre of programme music was important. It was indeed a risk for these composers to hence pattern the form of their composition to a certain programme they have pictured in their minds.

The Power of the Mamluks and Il-Khanates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Power of the Mamluks and Il-Khanates - Essay Example The Il-Khanates, on the other hand, achieved power by giving their subordination to the main Kahn, Kublai, and the main empire, thus ensuring the support of a successful ally. Because they were originally not a Muslim culture, they were often attacked by the Islamic states surrounding them. Eventually, after the converted to Islam, they were able to solidify their faith and gain acceptance. Thus, both clans were able to earn power through their religion, although through different means. It's important to revisit the development of these two empires in order to see how their power bases were increased by their acceptance into Islam. First, it is important to revisit the original Mongol invasions. Something different happened after the Mongols had invaded a few Islamic empires; eventually, the Mongols were to become Muslim themselves. This was to play an important role in the development of Islam within the Il-Khanate. The invasions of Central Asia and Russia by the Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde did not have the negative impacts on the native Islamic faith that the Mongol invasion of Iraq and Persia both had. Even though the Mongols defeated the Islamic states, the Muslim faith did prevail, and the Mongols themselves, although the invaders, did, for the most part, convert to Islam. However, the Mongol conquering of Islam's heartland did result in some major changes for the religion. By conquering and disemboweling the current Islamic dynasties, the Mongols in stilled new ones, thus setting a new era for the religion. This new era would allow both the Il-Khans and the Mamluk to achieve power through Islam, although this power would not be implemented until a little later in history. In order to understand how this process came about, it is important to revisit the history regarding the Mongol conquering of Islam. The fighting in Asia began in the 13th century with Genghis Khan, who raided Persia and conquered several cities up until his death. By 1237, the Mongols were outside of Bagdhad, the center of the Abbasid caliphate. When the Great Kahn Mongke was elected in 1251, the decision to attack the Abbasid caliphate was formed. Mongke did not like that Islamic people worshipped a man who they seemed to view as even above the Khan. Thus, the Mongols attacked the capital, and came out victorious (Nichoole 82). Then, Mongke gave instructions to attack the caliphate only if it decided not to surrender. Of course, the caliphate did not, and they were largely unprepared to do battle with fighters as whorled-renowned as the Mongols. They had a large force, but were not as well trained as the Mongols. Another problem that emerged in the Islamic faction was the age-old battle between Sunni and Shiite, and the fact that the caliphate was a Sunni meant that many Shiites went over to the Mongol side, thinking they would regain power if they did saw. Also, many Christians joined the side of the Mongols, seeing the Mongols as possible saviors from the fate of Islam. Some of the Mongol army was, in fact, Christian, so this is perhaps one of the reasons why they were able to gather so much support. Many Mongol soldiers were careful not to destroy Christian churches and symbols, and this fact endeared the army to the

Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Evaluation - Essay Example While observing the speeches of Obama, we see him as possessing the first and foremost quality of an eloquent orator as mentioned earlier. Another notable feature of Obama is that he is always energetic and confident during his speeches that the long schedules or programs never did tire him. One dominant feature found in Obama’s speech is his ability to pause wherever necessary and resume the speech after observing or studying the audience. His style is identifiable when he began his Democrat Primary Victory Speech on 3rd June, 2008. The beginning, â€Å"Tonight, after 54 hard-fought contests, our primary season has finally come to an end† (Democrat Primary Victory Speech, 2008) justifies the former statement. Obama could also begin the speeches with striking words, though not often with quotations, and maintain the flow of words tinted with poetical lines. He has enough voice projection and voice modulation that can enchant people to him. To conclude, one can infer tha t Obama possesses the notable features of a good public speaker. An evaluation of McCain’ as a public speaker reveals that he is no less than Obama as a talented orator. He could also raise number of people, though he could not win American Presidency Elections against Obama. The outstanding feature of McCain’s speech is that he was motivational that he tried his best to motivate the audience. His words â€Å"Do not yield. Do not flinch. Stand up. Stand up with our President and fight. Were Americans. Were Americans, and well never surrender. They will† (McCain, 2004) are capable of stirring the minds of the people. Like, Obama, he also would acknowledge that his knowledge was limited, if he was not proficient in a particular topic. During his speeches, he tried to present the root cause of the existing problems in American Society as well as in economy. This is very clear when he said, â€Å"Americas most vital

Sodium Hydroxide Essay Example for Free

Sodium Hydroxide Essay Research Question: When constant successive portions of Sodium Hydroxide are added to Acetic Acid; how do the changing amounts of Sodium hydroxide mixed with Acetic Acid in the conical flask affect the pKa of Acetic Acid? Background Research: A weak acid is defined as being an acid that does not donate all of its hydrogen ions in a solution (Neuss, 2007) A weak acid represented by HA will always be in equilibrium with its ions in an aqueous solution, for example: HA (aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq) The equilibrium constant will thus be given as products over reactants by: Ka is most commonly known as the acid dissociation constant. The pKa is just the pH of the Ka i.e. pKa = -logKa and is used as a quantitative measure the strength of a weak acid in solution. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), on the other hand, is a strong base and reacts with Acetic acid (CH3COOH) to produce water (H2O) and a salt (NaCH3OO) as follows: CH3COOH + NaOH H2O + NaCH3OO A method called a Titration provides information about the behavior of acids through the pH scale. In a titration, base is gradually added until the acid reaches an endpoint or equivalence point. When the equivalence point is reached, the pH of the solution will change rapidly, because all the acid has reacted with the added base. A pH meter can be used to determine the pH of the acid throughout the titration, and can be used to determine the equivalence point. When carefully measured volumes of strong base are added to a solution of weak acid and the pH is noted, a graph can be drawn with pH on the y axis and the volume on the x axis. The graph is known as the Titration/pH curve and the theoretical pH curve of the neutralization reaction between Acetic acid and Sodium Hydroxide is provided below: Figure 1: Theoretical Titration curve of Acetic acid and Sodium Hydroxide. This picture was obtained through www.google.com/images/titrationcurve The flat portion of the titration curve before the end point (refer to figure 1) is called the buffer region. In this part of the pH scale, that the Acetic acid and Sodium hydroxide are both preset in significant concentrations and the solution resists changes in pH. In the middle of the buffer region lies the half equivalence point. Here the volume of base added is half that required to reach the equivalence point. We can determine the pKa or Ka of an acid by finding the pH when half way to the endpoint of the titration since pKa = -log Ka (refer to figure 1). A smaller Ka value suggests a larger pKa value. The larger the pKa value the weaker the acid. Base solution is added until the equivalence point is reached. Thus, to determine the pKa of Acetic acid, the amounts of base mixed with acid will vary, the pH will be measured at regular intervals which will ultimately allow the pKa to be determined. Hypothesis: In this experiment, the amount of Sodium Hydroxide released from the burette will never change. What changes, however, is how much base is in the conical flask. To begin with there will be no base but when 1cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide is added then there is 1mL of Sodium Hydroxide in the conical flask. Then when another 1 cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide is added there will be 2mL of Sodium Hydroxide in the conical flask. So what is changed is the amount of base in the conical flask and it is this amount of base that changes the pKa. Thus, I hypothesize that as the amount of Sodium Hydroxide increases, pH will gradually increase until it reaches the end point where there will be a sudden increase. Afterwards, the amount of base will overtake the Acetic acid and this would result in a plateau in the pH curve. Aspect 2 Defining Independent and Dependent Variables Table 1: Dependent and Independent Variables Independent The amount of base (Sodium hydroxide) mixed with acid. In other words, the volume of NaOH dropped into the acid is controlled but what is changed is the amount of base in the conical flask. (1 cm3 will always be followed with 1 cm3, there will be no change in how much you put in each time; what changes is how much acid there is in the beaker) Dependent The pH of the solution Controlling Variables Table 2: Variables and Methods of Control Type Variable Method of Control Controlled The volume of the Acetic acid will be controlled 20 cm3 of the Acetic acid will be measured out using a Mohr pipette and then carefully released into the conical flask The pressure under which the experiment is carried out. All experiments will be conducted standard laboratory conditions, which means at 1atm pressure The Temperature under which each experiment is conducted. All experiments will be conducted in the same room within quick succession. The amount of base added to conical flask each time Successive portions of 1 cm3 of NaOH will be added to the conical flask until it reaches the endpoint Human judgment errors The person conducting the experiment must read from the burette in which holds the NaOH. By using the same person for each experiment- the error of judgment will be kept constant. Aspect 3 Materials and Equipment List (enough for 1 titration including the rough titration) 1 x 50 +/- 0.05 cm3 Burette 1 x Burette Stand and clamp 1 x funnel 1 x 100 +/-0.050 cm3 Conical flask GLX pH probe 1L Distilled Water 1 x 20 +/- 0.020 cm3 Mohr Pipette 50 cm3 of Acetic Acid concentration of approximately 0.1mol dm -3 100 cm3 Sodium Hydroxide solution 0. 1mol dm -3 Safety Glasses White Paper Graph Paper Pen Pencil, for drawing the Graph Rubber Gloves (in case of glass breakage) 1 x White tile 1 x Standard Bulb 50 cm3 bottle of Phenolphthalein indicator (only 4 drops are required) Paper towels (for cleaning) Figure 2: Conical Flask Figure 3: Burette Figure 4: Mohr Pipette These pictures were all obtained from www.google.com/images General Method 1. Before commencing this experiment it was made sure that all involved in the experiment were wearing the safety goggles and a lab coat to avoid risk of injury (refer to table 3) 2. The Titration was set up as follows, with the clamp holding the burette and the funnel at the top of the burette. The conical flask should be placed on a white tile underneath the burette. The burette should be clamped so that its tip is within the conical flask but above the surface of the solution. Figure 5: Titration set-up 3. The burette was then rinsed with distilled water to ensure that it is clean and to avoid errors 4. Usually experimenters cannot reach the top of the burette when its placed on a lab bench, so as a result, the burette and the burette stand were placed on the ground and Sodium Hydroxide was carefully poured to the first digit on the top of the burette (usually 0) via the funnel. The initial reading of the burette was then recorded in the results table, refer to table 3. Afterwards, the burette was returned to its original position on the top of the bench 5. The Mohr pipette was then checked for chips and cracks and was rinsed several times to ensure accurate volume measurements 6. Afterwards, the Mohr pipette was used to collect 20 cm3 of acid (Please refer to the Using Mohr pipette method) and the acid was then poured into the conical flask 7. Immediately following, the GLX pH probe, refer to GLX probe method, was adjusted and the head was placed in the acid, the pH of the initial acid was recorded in the results table, refer to table 3 8. 2 drops of Phenolphthalein was then added to the acid. The Phenolphthalein is an indicator which means it turns pink when base is added, an indication of endpoint would be that the liquid in the conical flask turns pink 9. To begin with, a rough Titration was be done to estimate the endpoint 10. In a rough Titration the tap was opened, and the base was simultaneously released into the conical flask until the liquid turned pink in which the tap was closed. When the liquid turned pink the final pH was recorded in the results table. Also record the final reading of the burette. The Rough Titration is only an indication and so should not be used in data analysis. 11. After the Rough Titration, the solution in the conical flask was discarded in the sink. Since the products were neutralized solutions of common salts they can safely be disposed of down the sink. 12. The conical flask was then washed with distilled water and 20 cm3 of Acetic acid was then poured into it via the Mohr pipette. And immediately following this, the GLX pH probe was placed inside the acid. Sodium Hydroxide was also then poured into the burette, using the method discussed in point 4, to top it up 13. The titration was then initiated, and successive portions of 1 cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide were added to the conical flask. After each addition, the burette and pH readings were obtained and recorded. If the person doing the experiment is right handed, then their right hand should be used to open and close the tap to allow Sodium Hydroxide to drip out and their left hand should be used to swirl the solutions in the conical flask. Swirling is important as the pH may drift until a completely homogenous solution is achieved. The same principle applies to left handers, except they would of course use their left hand instead of their right hand to release the NaOH. 14. The Titration was continued until the pH reached 12, the final burette reading was also recorded 15. This titration process (steps 11-14) was repeated another two times, allowing more reliable results. 16. After the Titration the benches were wiped down using paper towels, the solution was discarded in the sink and the glassware was placed in the designated container. Hands were washed before leaving the laboratory. 17. By the results gathered, a Titration curve can be drawn. The pH would simple be on the y axis while the volume of the base would be on the x axis. The pKa can be determined by finding the pH halfway to the endpoint of the Titration curve. GLX pH probe method: 1. The probe was first turned on and then pH probe section was plugged in at the top. 2. The pH probe section was then placed into the Acetic acid 3. Automatically, a pH reading appeared on the screen 4. When enough data was collected the recorded was stopped and the probe was unplugged 5. The GLX pH probe was then plugged into a laptop to export the data to the computers hard drive Using Mohr Pipette method: 1. The standard bulb was attached to the end of the pipette by carefully fitting the bulb at the end of the pipette 2. The pipette tip was then placed below the surface of the liquid and the bulb was squeezed to draw the liquid up. 3. The volume of the Acetic acid in the pipette was determined by reading the meniscus of the pipette 4. The pipette was then held above the conical flask, and the bulb was released to release all the liquid into the conical flask Table 3: The results table pH recorded Rough Titration Volume of Sodium Hydroxide added Amount of base in the conical flask (burette reading) 1st Trail 2nd Trail 3rd Trial Initial burette reading (cm3) 1 cm3 1 cm3 Final burette reading (cm3) 1cm3 2 cm3 Volume of Titration (cm3) 1cm3 3 cm3 1 cm3 4 cm3 1cm3 5 cm3 Note: The purple shaded region is the rough Titration. The volume of Sodium Hydroxide added each time will always be 1 cm3 but the Amount of base in the conical flask will change. Also, the patterns in this table should be continued until the Amount of base in the conical flask is at least 30 cm3. The pH will be recorded via the GLX data probe. Safety Precautions Table 4 : The risks involved in the experiment and safety precautions to reduce the risks Name Risk Precautions Sodium Hydroxide Can cause serious burns, however the 0.1 concentration of Sodium Hydroxide cannot cause harmful burns unless excessive amounts of it are poured on the skin. Harmful by ingestion and skin contact. Safety Glasses are needed to reduce the risk of injury if a spill occurs. Avoid skin contact with Sodium Hydroxide as well as ingestion. Acetic acid Causes burns, however the 0.1 concentration of Acetic acid cannot cause harmful burns unless excessive amounts of it are poured on the skin. Harmful by ingestion and skin contact. Safety Glasses should be worn the entire time to reduce the risk of injury. Gloves and Lab coat should be worn to avoid skin irritation. Avoid skin contact with Acetic acid. Glass wear Breakages can cause cuts and serious chemical spills Wearing rubber gloves make sure that all broken glass is disposed of appropriately. The burette should also be handled very carefully as it is very fragile. Spillage of Sodium Hydroxide or Acetic acid Can cause serious burns Wash any spills copiously with water BIBLIOGRAPHY * Volumetric analysis. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.uwplatt.edu/chemep/chem/chemscape/LABDOCS/CATOFP/measurea/volume/pipet/pipet4.htm. * Acid-base titrations. Wikipedia. 4 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_titration. * pKa and LogP Measurements. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.raell.demon.co.uk/chem/logp/logppka.htm. * pKa of a weak acid. 4 Feb 2009 http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:E6yRz3RiHlwJ:www.profpaz.com/Files/chem102/Exp_10.pdf+%22volume+at+equivalence+point%22hl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=au. * Neuss, Geoffrey. Chemistry . London: Oxford, 2007. * Neuss, Geoffrey. Chemistry For the IB diploma. London: Oxford, 2007. Cited using http://citationmachine.net/index2.php